Dorothy Eady, Bulbul Abd el-Meguid, Omm Sety… A woman of three names, multiple lives, and a lifelong devotion to Egyptology. From the 1950s to 1981, Omm Sety was a resident of Abydos, and a regular worshipper at the great Temple of Sety I. Her life is a tale of dedication, spiritual connection, and fascination with the ancient past. In this episode, we explore Omm Sety’s life and try to “shine a spotlight” on her work, personality, and beliefs…
Documentaries about Omm Sety (YouTube):

BBC Interview with Omm Sety at Abydos: https://youtu.be/2fdNJ2L9_zw?t=1.

Omm Sety explains the Abydos Temple: https://youtu.be/QXmnus48jdI?t=83.

Recollections of Omm Sety by those who knew her (Arabic, with subtitles): https://youtu.be/ZrFA-kDHtzg?t=281.

Egypt – Quest for Eternity, with section on Omm Sety (filmed just prior to her death): https://youtu.be/VHXsv9ZLlYo?t=737.

Episode details:

Jonathan Cott, The Search for Omm Sety at Archive.org.

Omm Sety and Hanny el Zeini, Abydos: Holy City of Ancient Egypt at Archive.org.

Date: 1904—1981 CE.

Places: Blackheath; Cairo; Abydos.

Music: Ancient Lyric.

Interludes: Luke Chaos and Hathor Systrum.


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190: Omm Sety, Guardian of Abydos

Sety at Abydos (Part 4). Finishing our tour of Sety’s Great Temple at Abydos, we explore a few more sanctuaries and facilities. Then, we discuss the monument overall. Sety invested huge resources into his building projects at Abydos, and these monuments connect to some truly ancient traditions. What were the King’s priorities, what was he trying to achieve?
Photos of monuments described in this episode:

Sety’s Temple: Kairoinfo4u.

Sety’s Temple: Wikimedia.

Chapel of Ramesses I: Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Umm el-Qa’ab, pottery sherds from ancient offerings: Soloegipto.

Descriptions and excavation reports:

Caulfeild, Temple of the Kings at Abydos, 1902: Internet Archive and Heidelberg University.

Calverley, The Temple of King Sethos I at Abydos, in four volumes. Volume I, The Chapels of Osiris, Isis, and Horus (1933); Volume II, The Chapels of Amen-Re, Re-Harakhti, Ptah, and King Sethos (1935); Volume III, The Osiris Complex (1938); Volume IV, The Second Hypostyle Hall (1958). All volumes available in PDF at The University of Chicago.

Texts: K. A. Kitchen, Ramesside Inscriptions Translated and Annotated: Translations Volume I: Ramesses I, Sethos I and Contemporaries (Second Publication edn, 2017).

Interpreting the temple complex and adjacent facilities:

David, Temple Ritual at Abydos (2018).

O’Connor, Abydos: Egypt’s First Pharaohs and the Cult of Osiris (2009).

Verner, Temple of the World: Sanctuaries, Cults, and Mysteries of Ancient Egypt (2013).

Additional details and sources:

Date: c.1300 BCE—1292 BCE.

Music intro and interludes: Luke Chaos.

Music outro: Ancient Lyric.

Sistrum interludes: Tahya / Hathor Systrum.


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189: For the Ancestors

Sety at Abydos (Part 3). The Osireion is an intriguing monument, one that attracts a huge amount of debate, discussion, and speculation. Its discovery was unexpected, its excavation was an enormous undertaking, and there are many uncertainties about its purpose, history, and overall significance. Still, with an extensive photographic record, some meticulous archaeological work, and a great deal of discussion, we can attempt to understand the Osireion. Who built the Osireion (and how old is it)? Why is it here, behind Sety’s great temple? What purpose does it serve? In this episode, we explore these questions, and try to understand the monument overall.
NOTE: Due to the complex nature of the Osireion’s history (ancient and modern), archaeology, and the difficulty of describing it, I will do a video lecture on YouTube in future. Check this post, or the website, for links when published.
Further Information: The Osireion is surprisingly well documented, both in archival photography and modern analysis and discussion.
Modern photos exploring the Osireion:

Flickr: Soloegipto.

Flickr: Archaeology Archive Project.

Archaeology / Excavation Reports for The Osireion (free open access):

Caulfeild, Temple of the Kings at Abydos, 1902: Internet Archive and Heidelberg University. Primarily focusses on main temple but brief discussion of work in western precinct that led to Murray’s excavations.

Murray, The Osireion, 1904: Internet Archive, ETANA.org, and Academia.edu.

Edouard Naville’s excavation reports (various journals) describing work at Abydos including the Osireion: JSTOR.org (requires free account).

Frankfort, The Cenotaph of Sety I at Abydos, volume 1 and volume 2, 1933: Internet Archive. Includes complete summary of earlier excavations and fuller description of the monument (compared to Naville).

James Westerman website (with database of articles and photos): JamesWesterman.org.

Keith Hamilton, “Osiris: A Layman’s Guide,” on Academia.edu.

Charles Herzer, “Study of the Osireion at Abydos,” at Isida Project.

Photo Collections of early excavations at Abydos/Osireion:

Dumbarton Oaks: Photo Exhibition Abydos 1910s—1920s.

Egypt Exploration Society Photo Archives (Flickr): Excavations 1911. Entrance passages and central hall.

Excavations 1913. Central hall.

Excavations 1925 (Part 1). Central hall and side chambers.

Excavations 1925 (Part 2). Central hall clearance and work.

In this episode, I don’t discuss the mechanics of ancient stone working. That will come in future. But for now, you may be interested in archaeologists’ experiments to test ancient tools and the feasibility of carving hard stones (e.g., granite). Some good starter information can be found here:

Denys Stocks, Experiments in Egyptian Archaeology: Stoneworking Technology in Ancient Egypt (2022 updated edition). Taylor and Francis Publications.

YouTube: Ancient Egyptian Stoneworking with Denys Stocks (Sacred Geometry Decoded) https://www.youtube.com/

188: The Osireion

Hello folks! Time for a schedule update. In late 2023, the podcast narrative will be taking an eight-week break. Plus we have a giveaway! Details inside.
Giveaway available to New Zealand listeners (or anyone visiting NZ in September 2023). Email egyptpodcast@gmail.com with your name and email address, to enter.
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Update: August Schedule (feat. Total War: Pharaoh and Giveaway!)

Sety in Abydos (Part 2). Having toured the first part of Sety’s Temple at Abydos, we continue our exploration. Today, we discuss one of the monument’s most famous features: a King List, presenting a (supposedly) uninterrupted record of rulers up to Sety’s day. In truth, the Abydos King List is complex, with omissions and inclusions that don’t quite match scholars’ archaeological and historical information. What was Sety trying to achieve, with this curious feature? We explore…
This is part 2 in our tour of the temple. We have already visited the Hypostyle Halls, Seven Chapels, and Osiris Complex. In future episodes, we will discuss the Osireion, the secondary features of the monument, and the known priests/staff who managed it.
Images:

Full-colour reproduction of the Abydos King List at Wonderful Things Art. Use checkout code EGYPTPODCAST for 30% off your order when purchasing 3-or-more items! Logo image by Wonderful Things Art.

A.M. Calverley, The Temple of Sethos I at Abydos, 4 volumes, open access via Chicago University Publications.

Wikimedia: Category: Temple of Seti I in Abydos.

Flickr.com: Kairoinfo4u.

Flickr.com: Heidi Kontkanen.

Details and sources:

Read the Abydos King List at Wikipedia and Pharaoh.se.

Date: c. 1300 BCE—1292 BCE (temple unfinished at Sety I death).

Music intro and interludes: Luke Chaos.

Music interludes and outro: Keith Zizza.

Sistrum interludes: Tahya / Hathor Systrum.

Texts: Kenneth Kitchen's Ramesside Inscriptions volume 1. Hieroglyph versions at Internet Archive, English translations at Abercromby Press.

Texts: Full texts of the temple, including transliteration and translation: Rosalie David, Temple Ritual at Abydos (2018) at Egypt Exploration Society.

Peter Brand, Ramesses II: Egypt's Ultimate Pharaoh, out now from Lockwood Press.


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187: The Abydos King List

Part 1. In the ancient city and necropolis of Abydos (Egyptian Abdju), pharaoh Sety I commissioned a magnificent temple. Today, this monument is one of the finest in the country, a highlight of any trip. Sety’s work is complicated, with several components and structures worthy of discussion. So, this is part one of a multi-part tour through the complex. Today, we cover:

The history of Abydos pre-Sety I.

The modern experience of Sety’s temple.

The Hypostyle Halls, the unique “Seven Chapels,” and the “Osiris Complex.”

The meaning and symbolism of the Osiris religion as Sety shows it.

In future episodes, we will discuss the Osireion, the Abydos King List, and the known Priests/Staff who managed it.
Details and sources:

Date: c. 1300 BCE—1292 BCE (temple unfinished at Sety I death).

Texts: Kenneth Kitchen's Ramesside Inscriptions volume 1. Hieroglyph versions at Internet Archive, English translations at Abercromby Press.

Texts: Full texts of the temple, including transliteration and translation: Rosalie David, Temple Ritual at Abydos (2018) at Egypt Exploration Society.

Peter Brand, Ramesses II: Egypt's Ultimate Pharaoh, out now from Lockwood Press.


Images: For high-quality illustrations and photos of Sety’s temple, see:

A.M. Calverley, The Temple of Sethos I at Abydos, 4 volumes, open access via Chicago University Publications.

Wikimedia: Category: Temple of Seti I in Abydos.

Flickr.com: Kairoinfo4u.

Flickr.com: Heidi Kontkanen.

Music intro and interludes: Keith Zizza.

Music interludes: Luke Chaos.

Sistrum interludes: Tahya / Hathor Systrum.


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186: Sety in Abydos

Ramesses II: Prince of Egypt. When Sety I took power, his eldest son was probably 10—15 years old. The King's Son Ra-messes (“Born of Ra”) enjoyed a privileged upbringing. And by the time he was physically mature, the young prince was ready to expand the royal household. His father Sety had some plans in that regard…
Details and sources:

Date: c. 1299 BCE.

Music intro: Keith Zizza.

Music interludes and outro: Luke Chaos.

Texts: Kenneth Kitchen's Ramesside Inscriptionsvolume 1. Hieroglyph versions at Internet Archive, English translations at Abercromby Press.

Peter Brand, Ramesses II: Egypt's Ultimate Pharaoh, out now from Lockwood Press.

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185: House of the Rising Son

Sety I (Part 6b): Standards and Practices. The early 19th Dynasty army was a well-organised machine, with distinct units (the zA ‘company’) and officers (e.g., chai sereet, ‘Standard Bearers’). Papyrus archives record the daily business of military life, like the Standard Bearer Mai-Sety / Mai-Sutekhy, the company scribe User-Hat, and the royal administrators that monitored food deliveries, rations, and supplies of essential goods…
Details and sources:

Date: c. 1300 BCE.

Music intro and interludes: Luke Chaos.

Music outro: Bettina Joy de Guzman (Ancient Lyric).

Texts: Kenneth Kitchen's Ramesside Inscriptions volume 1. Hieroglyph versions at Internet Archive, English translations at Abercromby Press.

Peter Brand, Ramesses II: Egypt's Ultimate Pharaoh, out now from Lockwood Press.

Would you like to know more? www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com.

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184b: Feeding the Fighters

Sety I (Part 6): Mesha, Menfat, Pedjet, Pecherer. By 1300 BCE, Egyptians had developed a sophisticated, well-organised military system. Distinct branches and types of troops (infantry, archers, auxiliaries, and more) marched and fought in identifiable units. Their weapons survive in the archaeological record, and ancient texts and art reveal their equipment, behaviour, and battlefield roles. Today, we introduce the soldiers who won Sety I’s wars…
Details and sources:

Date: c. 1300 BCE.

Music intro and interludes: Bettina Joy de Guzman.

Interludes: Luke Chaos.

Music outro: Keith Zizza.

Texts: Kenneth Kitchen's Ramesside Inscriptions volume 1. Hieroglyph versions at Internet Archive, English translations at Abercromby Press.

Peter Brand, Ramesses II: Egypt's Ultimate Pharaoh, out now from Lockwood Press.

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184: Fighting for Pharaoh

Hey New Zealand! It's time to explore ancient Egypt. A new exhibition, Egypt: In the Time of Pharaohs, has just opened at Auckland Museum Tamaki Paenga Hira. And to celebrate, we've got a special deep-dive into the artefacts and cultural background of the Nile Valley! Have a listen and check out the exhibition for yourself. And while you're there, consider an Auckland Museum Membership, which comes with all kinds of perks including free entry to paid exhibitions, exclusive events and lectures from leading experts, special discounts at the museum shops and cafes, and more!
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For the Kiwis: Egypt - In the Time of Pharaohs

Sety I (Part 5): Empires clash. Around 1300 BCE (approximately), Sety I records a battle against the Hittites. In the course of his northern wars, perhaps following the reconquest of Kadesh and Amurru, Sety faced off with his distant rival. The Kingdom of Hatti, land of the Hittites, sent forces to challenge the Egyptian resurgence…
Details and sources:

Date: c. 1300 BCE.

Music: Luke Chaos.

Interludes: Keith Zizza, Luke Chaos, Hathor Systrum.

The Battle Reliefs of Sety I by The Epigraphic Survey Reliefs and Inscriptions at Karnak, Volume IV: The Battle Reliefs of King Sety I | Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures (uchicago.edu).

Texts: Kenneth Kitchen's Ramesside Inscriptions volume 1. Hieroglyph versions at Internet Archive, English translations at Abercromby Press.

Peter Brand, Ramesses II: Egypt's Ultimate Pharaoh, out now from Lockwood Press.

Support the History of Egypt Podcast and get amazing skincare products from RA EGYPTIAN, the natural skincare range inspired by ancient ingredients! Shop at www.ra-egyptian.comand use the checkout code EGYPT to get 30% off your order!


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183: Fire Over Hatti

Amurru (Part 4): Reconquista. The land of Amurru, and its leaders, have been a noteworthy part of the story in recent decades. Since the reigns of Amunhotep III and Akhenaten, the lords of Amurru have caused great trouble in Egypt’s northern empire. They have raided, plundered, and even murdered their way to regional prominence. Now, a couple decades after their betrayals, King Sety I is bringing vengeance…
Note: This episode includes new content and old material from episodes 123, 124, 142c. See timecodes for relevant chapters.
Timecodes:

00:00 Introduction.

02:25 The Land of Amurru.

12:25 How Science Uncovered Amurrite Expansion.

24:04 The Amurru – Hittite Alliances.

35:44 The Battle of Amurru.

46:28 Can We Trust Sety's Story?

51:15 Conclusion.

53:50 Episode 123, Amurrites and Where to Find Them.

2:07:17 Episode 124, The Crimes of Aziru.

3:07:45 Episode 142c, Aziru’s Betrayal.

Episode Details:

Date: c. 1300 BCE.

Music: Michael Levy - Composer for Lyre (ancientlyre.com).

Interludes: Keith Zizza and Luke Chaos.

Logo image: Warriors of Kadesh, near Amurru, falling before Sety I's assault. Battle reliefs at Karnak, via the University of Chicago (below).

Goren, Finkelstein, and Na’aman: The Expansion of the Kingdom of Amurru According to the Petrographic Investigation of the Amarna Tablets | Yuval Goren and Nadav Na'aman - Academia.edu.

Sety’s Battle Reliefs, including the possible scenes of Amurru, at the University of Chicago: Reliefs and Inscriptions at Karnak, Volume IV: The Battle Reliefs of King Sety I | Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures (uchicago.edu).

Peter Brand, Ramesses II: Egypt's Ultimate Pharaoh, out now from Lockwood Press.

Support The History of Egypt Podcast by shopping at RA EGYPTIAN, the clean skincare line inspired by ancient Egyptian ingredients! Visit www.ra-egyptian.com and use code EGYPT at checkout for 30% off your order!


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182b: Destruction in Amurru

Sety I (Part 4): Catching Up with the Kadeshians. Around 1300 BCE (chronology uncertain), Sety led another campaign into the north. This time, the pharaoh of Egypt marched into Canaan, Lebanon, and Syria. In the process, he visited local chieftains, went “shopping” for luxury items, and then launched a daring attack on Kadesh…
Details and sources:

Date: c. 1300 BCE.

Intro Music: Bettina Joy de Guzman.

Interludes: Keith Zizza.

Outro music and interludes: Luke Chaos.

Website blog post: 182: The Battle for Kadesh – The History of Egypt Podcast (egyptianhistorypodcast.com)


Logo image: A warrior/cattleman flees with his animals, while Sety I attacks Kadesh. Image colours based on traces found at Karnak, edited by Dominic Perry 2023.

Sety’s Battle Reliefs at Karnak, published by The Epigraphic Survey of The University of Chicago: Reliefs and Inscriptions at Karnak, Volume IV: The Battle Reliefs of King Sety I | Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures (uchicago.edu).

Texts: Kenneth Kitchen's Ramesside Inscriptions volume 1. Hieroglyph versions at Internet Archive, English translations at Abercromby Press.

Peter Brand, Ramesses II: Egypt's Ultimate Pharaoh, out now from Lockwood Press.

Support The History of Egypt Podcast by shopping at RA EGYPTIAN, the clean skincare line inspired by ancient Egyptian ingredients! Visit www.ra-egyptian.com and use code EGYPT at checkout for 30% off your order!


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182: The Battle for Kadesh

History Daily is your regular introduction to major events and stories. Every weekday, new stories arrive on topics ranging from war and fashion, culture and politics, religion and technology. Episodes run 18-20 minutes on average, providing a bite-sized exploration to major topics. Enjoy a special introduction to the show, covering one of the major events of the French Revolution. In 1893, the execution of King Louis XVI helped expand the crisis known as the Revolutionary Wars, a crisis that had a profound impact on the nascent field of Egyptology...
Find History Daily on all podcasting apps, or at www.historydaily.com.
Learn more about Airwave Media and its range of podcasts at www.airwavemedia.com.
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Introducing: History Daily

Sety I (Part 3): The Great Hypostyle Hall of Karnak. In 1302 BCE (approximately) the pharaoh of Egypt Men-Ma’at-Ra Sety I commissioned a remarkable monument. A hall of columns, near the entrance of Karnak sanctuary, would be a gathering place for the gods and the faithful. This hall, called “Sety is Effective in the House of Amun,” is now one of Egypt’s most famous (and most photographed) monuments…
Details and sources:

Date: c. 1302 BCE (Year 2 of Sety I).

Music: Keith Zizza and Bettina Joy de Guzman.

The Hypostyle Hall: Publications by The University of Chicago Epigraphic Survey: https://isac.uchicago.edu/research/publications/oip/great-hypostyle-hall-karnak-volume-1-part-1-wall-reliefs and https://isac.uchicago.edu/research/publications/oip/oip-142-great-hypostyle-hall-temple-amun-karnak


Texts: Kenneth Kitchen's Ramesside Inscriptionsvolume 1. Hieroglyph versions at Internet Archive, English translations at Abercromby Press.

Peter Brand, Ramesses II: Egypt's Ultimate Pharaoh, out now from Lockwood Press.

Support The History of Egypt Podcast by shopping at RA EGYPTIAN, the clean skincare line inspired by ancient Egyptian ingredients! Visit www.ra-egyptian.com and use code EGYPT at checkout for 30% off your order!


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181: Akh-en-Amun (Effective for Amun)

Sety I (Part 2): The First Campaign of Victory. In1302 BCE, the pharaoh Men-Ma'at-Ra Sety I led a military expedition to the east. He attacked the Bedouin ("Shasu") in Sinai. Then, he turned his sights on Canaan. The new King was an active warlord, aggressive and eager to fight. Thanks to records at Karnak and elsewhere, we can trace his assault...

Date: c. 1302 BCE (March - June).

Music: Ancient Lyric and Luke Chaos.

Sources: The war reliefs of Sety I, at Karnak, via the University of Chicago Reliefs and Inscriptions at Karnak, Volume IV: The Battle Reliefs of King Sety I | Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures (uchicago.edu).

Kenneth Kitchen's Ramesside Inscriptions volume 1. Hieroglyph versions at Internet Archive, English translations at Abercromby Press.

Peter Brand, Ramesses II: Egypt's Ultimate Pharaoh, out now from Lockwood Press.

Support The History of Egypt Podcast by shopping at RA EGYPTIAN, the clean skincare line inspired by ancient Egyptian ingredients! Visit www.ra-egyptian.com and use code EGYPT at checkout for 30% off your order!


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180: Eager to Fight

Sety I (Part 1): A Repeat Appearance. In 1303 BCE, the old king Ramesses is dead after a brief reign. But now, for the first time in decades, a royal son is taking power. King Sety (Men-ma'at-Ra) ascends, aged approximately thirty years old. The new ruler's reign will be noteworthy for its splendid monuments and its abundant records. In fact, as his reign begins, we can even trace his movements on a week-to-week basis...
Video version of Sety's coronation imagery available on YouTube.
Note: Patrons enjoy an extended epilogue on this episode.

Date: c. 1303 BCE (roughly July to September).

Music: Luke Chaos and Keith Zizza.

Logo image: Sety I from his royal tomb. Louvre Museum.

Support the History of Egypt Podcast at www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast.

Sources: Kenneth Kitchen's Ramesside Inscriptions volume 1. Hieroglyph versions at Internet Archive, English translations at Abercromby Press.

Peter Brand, Ramesses II: Egypt's Ultimate Pharaoh, out now from Lockwood Press.

Support The History of Egypt Podcast by shopping at RA EGYPTIAN, the clean skincare line inspired by ancient Egyptian ingredients! Visit www.ra-egyptian.com and use code EGYPT at checkout for 30% off your order!


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179: Sety's Renaissance

Peter Brand (Part 2): Ramesses I and Sety I. The start of Egypt's 19th Dynasty saw two significant reigns. Ramesses I, though short-lived, established a new regime and legacy. His son, Sety I, confirmed that legacy and expanded it magnificently. In this interview, Prof. Peter Brand continues his conversation about the early Ramessids. How they legitimized their rule, how they differed from their predecessors, and how they responded to recent political events (e.g. the Amarna Period).
Dr. Peter Brand is Associate Professor at The University of Memphis (Tennessee, USA). He completed his PhD. in 1998 studying The Monuments of Sety I. In 2023, he has published an enormous study of the Ramesside era: Ramesses II: Egypt's Ultimate Pharaoh. A long-needed and beautifully written study of this reign in the big picture, Prof. Brand's book is a lively and beautifully presented work that will become a "standard reference" for Ramessid enthusiasts.

Dr. Peter Brand at The University of Memphis.

Peter Brand at Academia.edu.

Peter Brand's new book, Ramesses II: Egypt's Ultimate Pharaoh at Lockwood Press.

Peter Brand's book The Monuments of Sety I (2000) free pdf copy on Academia.

Peter Brand (et al), The Great Hypostyle Hall at Karnak, Vols. 2-3, free pdf copies at Chicago Oriental Institute.

Music by Luke Chaos.

Music interludes by Keith Zizza and Hathor Systrum.


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Interview: Rule of the Ramessids (with Prof. Peter Brand)

Peter Brand (Part 1): Ramesses I and his Household. When Paramessu became Ramesses I, his ascent marked a "break" in many ways. For historians studying this period, the evidence presents these pharaohs as a curious blend of traditional motifs and conscious reinvention. How did Ramesses, and his son Sety I, establish a new royal household; and guarantee their legitimacy, as newcomers to the throne?
Dr. Peter Brand is Associate Professor at The University of Memphis (Tennessee, USA). He completed his PhD. in 1998 studying The Monuments of Sety I. In 2023, he has published an enormous study of the Ramesside era: Ramesses II: Egypt's Ultimate Pharaoh. A long-overdue, and beautifully written study of this reign in the big picture, Prof. Brand's new book is a lively and beautifully presented work that will become a "standard reference" for Ramessid enthusiasts.

Dr. Peter Brand at The University of Memphis.

Peter Brand at Academia.edu.

Peter Brand's new book, Ramesses II: Egypt's Ultimate Pharaoh at Lockwood Press.

Peter Brand's book The Monuments of Sety I (2000) free pdf copy on Academia.

Peter Brand (et al), The Great Hypostyle Hall at Karnak, Vols. 2-3, free pdf copies at Chicago Oriental Institute.

Music by Luke Chaos.

Music interludes by Keith Zizza and Hathor Systrum.


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Interview: Rise of the Ramessids (with Prof. Peter Brand)

Ramesses I and Pharaoh's Palace(s). Dr. Peter Lacovara is an experienced archaeologist, museum curator, and specialist in the palaces of Egyptian pharaohs. Since the 1980s Dr. Lacovara has been involved in many noteworthy projects. Most famously, he led the project to identify and repatriate the mummy of King Ramesses I. In this interview, we discuss the mummy and its return to Egypt, as well as the elaborate royal palace complex at Deir el-Ballas.
Learn more:

Peter Lacovara

Home | The Ancient Egypt Heritage and Archeology Fund (ancientegyptarchaeologyfund.com)

Deir el-Ballas - Wikipedia

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